Improving energy and environmental efficiency is one of the effective means to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction in the transport system. When measuring the energy and environmental efficiency of China's transport system, it should be considered that China's transport system is a parallel structural system jointly composed of a freight subsystem and a passenger transport subsystem. At the same time, there is a game relationship among overall systems and it has not be considered in the majority of previous researches. Therefore, this paper combines the non-cooperative game with data envelopment analysis (DEA) to propose a non-cooperative game DEA method with considering the parallel structure feature of the transport system to measure the energy and environmental efficiency. Firstly, this paper designs an optimal algorithm for the efficiency evaluation on the overall system. The convergence of the algorithm and the uniqueness of the optimal solution have been proved. Then, on the basis of the leader-follower relationship among subsystems, a efficiency decomposition model is developed, and the existence on the solution of the efficiency decomposition model is further proved. Finally, the method of this paper is applied to measure the efficiency of transport systems in 30 provinces and municipalities in China in 2022. The results indicate that 1) The energy and environmental efficiency of China's transport system is generally low, and the optimal overall system efficiency of each region is not effective; 2) the energy and environmental efficiency of the passenger transport subsystem is better than that of the freight transport subsystem. 3) the overall system efficiency and passenger transport subsystem efficiency of China's transport systems in all regions show a pattern of "Central>Eastern>Western", and the freight transport subsystem efficiency shows a pattern of "Eastern>Western>Central". The results of the efficiency evaluation in this paper provide a direction and theoretical basis for the future improvement of the energy and environmental efficiency of China's transport system.